Maimouna Barro traced knowledge production about Africa from medieval centers of learning such as Timbuktu and Sankore through the institutionalization of African history in Britain and of African Studies in the United States after the 1958 National Defense Education Act, including the 1969 disruption of the African Studies Association meeting. She closed on the challenges facing a "fourth generation" of African intellectuals, funding inequities and the underrecognition of African women scholars, then took audience questions.